Eye tracking Wikipedia. This article is about the study of eye movement. For the tendency to visually track potential prey, see eye stalking. Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze where one is looking or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement. Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology, in psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for human computer interaction, and in product design. There are a number of methods for measuring eye movement. The most popular variant uses video images from which the eye position is extracted. Other methods use search coils or are based on the electrooculogram. Yarbus eye tracker from the 1. HistoryeditIn the 1. Pinnacle Studio video editing software is used by over 13 million people. Enjoy a faster way to capture, edit and share your video. 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In 1. 87. 9 in Paris, Louis mile Javal observed that reading does not involve a smooth sweeping of the eyes along the text, as previously assumed, but a series of short stops called fixations and quick saccades. This observation raised important questions about reading, questions which were explored during the 1. On which words do the eyes stop For how long When do they regress to already seen wordsAn example of fixations and saccades over text. This is the typical pattern of eye movement during reading. The eyes never move smoothly over still text. Edmund Huey2 built an early eye tracker, using a sort of contact lens with a hole for the pupil. ASUS is a worldwide topthree consumer notebook vendor and maker of the worlds bestselling, most awardwinning, motherboards. Driven by innovation and committed. The lens was connected to an aluminum pointer that moved in response to the movement of the eye. Huey studied and quantified regressions only a small proportion of saccades are regressions, and he showed that some words in a sentence are not fixated. The first non intrusive eye trackers were built by Guy Thomas Buswell in Chicago, using beams of light that were reflected on the eye and then recording them on film. Buswell made systematic studies into reading3 and picture viewing. In the 1. Alfred L. Yarbus5 did important eye tracking research and his 1. He showed that the task given to a subject has a very large influence on the subjects eye movement. He also wrote about the relation between fixations and interest All the records. The cyclical pattern in the examination of pictures is dependent on not only what is shown on the picture, but also the problem facing the observer and the information that he hopes to gain from the picture. This study by Yarbus 1. Records of eye movements show that the observers attention is usually held only by certain elements of the picture. Eye movement reflects the human thought processes so the observers thought may be followed to some extent from records of eye movement the thought accompanying the examination of the particular object. It is easy to determine from these records which elements attract the observers eye and, consequently, his thought, in what order, and how often. The observers attention is frequently drawn to elements which do not give important information but which, in his opinion, may do so. Often an observer will focus his attention on elements that are unusual in the particular circumstances, unfamiliar, incomprehensible, and so on. Additional time spent on perception is not used to examine the secondary elements, but to reexamine the most important elements. This study by Hunziker 1. In the 1. 97. 0s, eye tracking research expanded rapidly, particularly reading research. X-Rite-i1-Display-2_i1match_01.jpg' alt='Eye One Display 2 Software Download' title='Eye One Display 2 Software Download' />DM65E. Professionalgrade digital signage that reliably delivers rich content 247 with MagicInfo solution. Eye One Display 2 Software Download' title='Eye One Display 2 Software Download' />A good overview of the research in this period is given by Rayner. In 1. 98. 0, Just and Carpenter1. Strong eye mind hypothesis, that there is no appreciable lag between what is fixated and what is processed. If this hypothesis is correct, then when a subject looks at a word or object, he or she also thinks about it process cognitively, and for exactly as long as the recorded fixation. The hypothesis is often taken for granted by researchers using eye tracking. However, gaze contingent techniques offer an interesting option in order to disentangle overt and covert attentions, to differentiate what is fixated and what is processed. During the 1. 98. If covert attention is common during eye tracking recordings, the resulting scan path and fixation patterns would often show not where our attention has been, but only where the eye has been looking, failing to indicate cognitive processing. The 1. 98. 0s also saw the birth of using eye tracking to answer questions related to human computer interaction. Specifically, researchers investigated how users search for commands in computer menus. Additionally, computers allowed researchers to use eye tracking results in real time, primarily to help disabled users. More recently, there has been growth in using eye tracking to study how users interact with different computer interfaces. Specific questions researchers ask are related to how easy different interfaces are for users. The results of the eye tracking research can lead to changes in design of the interface. Yet another recent area of research focuses on Web development. This can include how users react to drop down menus or where they focus their attention on a website so the developer knows where to place an advertisement. According to Hoffman,2. But as soon as attention moves to a new position, the eyes will want to follow. We still cannot infer specific cognitive processes directly from a fixation on a particular object in a scene. For instance, a fixation on a face in a picture may indicate recognition, liking, dislike, puzzlement etc. Therefore, eye tracking is often coupled with other methodologies, such as introspective verbal protocols. Tracker typeseditEye trackers measure rotations of the eye in one of several ways, but principally they fall into three categories i measurement of the movement of an object normally, a special contact lens attached to the eye ii optical tracking without direct contact to the eye and iii measurement of electric potentials using electrodes placed around the eyes. Eye attached trackingeditThe first type uses an attachment to the eye, such as a special contact lens with an embedded mirror or magnetic field sensor, and the movement of the attachment is measured with the assumption that it does not slip significantly as the eye rotates. Measurements with tight fitting contact lenses have provided extremely sensitive recordings of eye movement, and magnetic search coils are the method of choice for researchers studying the dynamics and underlying physiology of eye movement. This method allows the measurement of eye movement in horizontal, vertical and torsion directions. Optical trackingedit. An eye tracking head mounted display. Each eye has an LED light source gold color metal on the side of the display lens, and a camera under the display lens. The second broad category uses some non contact, optical method for measuring eye motion. Light, typically infrared, is reflected from the eye and sensed by a video camera or some other specially designed optical sensor. The information is then analyzed to extract eye rotation from changes in reflections. Video based eye trackers typically use the corneal reflection the first Purkinje image and the center of the pupil as features to track over time. A more sensitive type of eye tracker, the dual Purkinje eye tracker,2. Purkinje image and the back of the lens fourth Purkinje image as features to track.